Asia
Last Updated     1/22/2008     1/21/2008      1/20/2008     1/13/2008

In the 1600s, the British and the Dutch tardaed with Asia.
China and Japan allowed only limited contact with the West.
Western Europe turned their attention to India.

India
1750s, Mogul Empire was breaking up.
Great Britain and France set up trading stations on India's coast.
France left India when they lost the French and Indian War in America.
The British East India Company took over.
They stayed in power almost 100 years.

Sepoy Revolution
Sepoys were native Indian soldiers.
There were many reasons why the sepoys rebeled against British rule.

Rifle Cartridges
The new rifle cartridges were greased, and one end had to be bitten off before using..
The Hindus thought it was beef grease.
Hindus are not allowed to eat beef.
The Muslims thought it was pork grease.
Muslims are not allowed to eat pork.
They did not want to put the cartridges in their mouths.

Loss of Political Power
Native princes were  being denied titles and pensions.
Bahadur Shah II, last of the Mughal emperors, was informed that the dynasty would end with his death.

Pay
Indian soldiers were dissatisfied with their pay.

Religion
The soldiers thought that they might be forced to become Christians.

Mutiny
1857 May 10, sepoys, mutinied.


They took Delhi and and proclaimed Bahadur Shah II the emperor of all India.
The sepoys massacred every Christian man, woman and child they could find.
The mutiny spread rapidly through north central India.
Cawnpore had fallen to the sepoys of Nana Sahib, and Lucknow was besieged.

End of the Mutiny
1857 September, Delhi was recaptured.
The British proceeded to massacre the rebel sepoys and the jihadists.
They also massacred the ordinary citizens of the Mughal capital.
The women were not killed.
In one neighbourhood alone, Kucha Chelan, some 1,400 unarmed male citizens were cut down.
The emperor's 16 sons were tried and hung, while three were shot in cold blood.
1858 March, Lucknow was retaken.
The rebellion was marked by atrocities on both sides.
The British taking savage reprisals for the massacres perpetrated by the rebels.
The mutiny failed.

Why the Rebellion Failed
Many native Indian states did not join the rebels.
Sikh soldiers of the Punjab area remained loyal to the British
The aging Bahadur Shah was neither a brave general, nor an astute leader of the people.

Reform
The British government knew changes had to be made.
In May 1858, the British exiled Emperor Bahadur Shah II to Burma.
This formally liquidated the Mughal Empire.
1858, British government took control of India away from the British East India Company.
Expropriation of land was discontinued.
Religious toleration was decreed.
Indians were admitted to subordinate positions in the civil service.
Great Britain now ruled India.
1877, Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India.

Russia
Great Britain wanted to protect its Indian Empire from Russia.
From 1865-1884, most of the central Asian Muslim civilization fell to Russia.
To guard India, the British made Afghanistan a protectorate.
Great Britain and Russia both set up spheres of influence in Persia.

China
The Chinese looked upon westerners as barbarians.
Western factory owners were interested in increasing overseas trade.
All trade between China and the West had to be in the city of Guangzhou.
They were not satisfied with the amount of business the Chinese allowed them.

Opium
Opium is a drug made from poppies.
The British could make large profits selling opium to the Cinese.
Traders took British made cloth to India.
They traded the cloth for opium.
The opium was exchanged for tea and silk in China.
The tea and silk would be shipped to Great Britain.
The government saw the dmage opium was doing.
The Chinese government declared the drug illegal.
A government official in Guangzhou burned a large shipment of opium.
British traders were angry.
1839, The Opium War broke out.

Opium War
The Chinese outnumbered the British.
The Chinese did not have cannons.
They did not have steam-driven warships.
1842, the Chinese were defeated.
They were forced to sign a treaty.
Great Britain got the island of Hong Kong.
British citizens could not be tried in Chinese courts for breaking Chinese law.
They would be tried in a British court.

Foreign Influence in China
1894, Japan and China went to war over Korea.
Japan won, they took Chinese territory.
Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia got special rights from the Chinese government.
These concessions included the right to develop mineral resources.
They could build railroads.
They could build naval bases.
Some countries got leases on Chinese port cities.
1899, the United States developed the Open Door Policy.
This gave everyone equal trading rights in China.
The Chinese did not like foreign powers controlling them.
A movement began to drive all foreigners from China.

The Boxer Rebellion
A Chinese secret group, the Boxers, began the movement to remove all foreign influence.
The empress began to encourage the Boxers.
In the early months of 1900, thousands of Boxers roamed the countryside.
They attacked Christian missions, slaughtering foreign missionaries and Chinese converts.
Then they moved toward the cities, attracting more and more followers as they came.
Nervous foreign ministers insisted that the Chinese government stop the Boxers.


The empress told the diplomats that her troops would soon crush the "rebellion."
Meanwhile, she did nothing as the Boxers entered the capital.


International Force
17 June, 1900 International Force take Taku Forts.
More troops are brought on land there.
18 June 1900, the Empress Dowager ordered all foreigners to be killed.
20 June 1900, the envoy for the German Empire, Klemens Freiher von Ketteler went to the palace.
He wanted to register one final protest at the way the Europeans were being treated in China.
As he made his way to the Royal Palace to protest, he was dragged from his sedan chair.
He was murdered by a Manchu banner man.
Several foreign ministers and their families were killed before the international force could protect them.
The rest of the Europeans crowded into the British Legation for their own safety.
They were defended by an assortment of 400 European soldiers and sailors.

First Intervention
The foreign powers joined together and sent a 2,000 man army to China.
The train they are riding on is stopped.
The 2,000 marines are surrounded.
25 June 1900, they were surrounded until Russian troops arrived.
26 June 1900, they completed their retreat back to Tianjin with the loss of 350 men
July 1900, the poorly armed Boxer rebels were unable to break into the fortified legation compound.

Second Inrevention
14 July, the International Force captures Tianjiin after one day of fighting.
14 August 1900, the force reaches and occupies Peking.
The Siege of the Legation lasted for 55 days.
66 Europeans had been killed in this time and 150 had been wounded. 
Troops plundered and looted the city.
Disguised as a peasant, the empress dowager escaped the city in a cart.
She returned to the Forbidden City a year later, but the power of the Ch'ing dynasty was destroyed forever.

Boxer Protocol
7 September 1901, the Qing court was compelled to sign the Boxer Protocol.
The protocol ordered the execution of officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China.
China also had to pay heavy penalties of 333 million dollars.
Foreign powers gained almost total control of China.

Japan

Japan allowed only limited trade with the West.
The Japanese government refused to help shipwrecked sailors.
Japan was ruled by a shogun.


    
James Biddle
1846, US Commander James Biddle anchored in Toyko Bay.
Request for a trade agreement are ignored.

James Glynn
1848 Cpt. James Glynn sailed to Nagasaki.
18 American sailors were being held prisoner since 1846.
26 April, Glynn negotiated their release.
Glynn advised the US Government to try diplomacy, but show force.



Matthew Perry
1794 April 10, Matthew Calbraith Perry was born in Rhode Island.
At age 15, he was a midshipman for Oliver Hazard Perry, his brother.
1853, the United States sends Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.


First Visit
8 July 1853, Perry ports near Edo.
He is told to go to Nagasaki, the only open foreign port.
Perry refuses.
The Japanese government let Perry come ashore to avoid a naval bombardment.
14 July 1853, Perry presents a letter to delegates from President Fillmore.

Second Visit
February 1854, Perry returns with twice as many ships .
The delegates agreed to all of the terms in the letter.
Perry negotiated a treaty to open up trade.
Japan would also protect shipwrecked sailors.
Japan signed similar treaties wirh Great Britain, France, Russia, and the Netherlands.
31 March 1854, Perry leaves.
Perry investigated the isand of Formosa
The delegates were not from the Emperor.

Modernization
The militray strength and the industrial accomplishments impressed Japanese leaders.
They felt Japan should modernize.
1868, Japanese lords overthrew the shogun.
The gave the power back to the emperor.
The new emperor moved the capital from Kyoto to Tokyo.
He called his rule Meji, "enlightened peace."
The changes that came about are known as the Meiji Restoration.

Meiji Restoration
The new government did away with feudalism.
Commom people could take a family name (last name).
People could work and live where they wanted.
The new government ordered all males to cut off their topknots.
Western style clothing was introduced.
A new calendar was introduced.
The new government took away the special position of samurai.
All men would serve for a time in the military.
The new government set up a modern army and navy.
1889, Japanese leaders wrote Japan's first constitution.
Public schools were open.
Education was required for all.
The leaders pushed for industrialization.
The new government gave privleges to rich and powerful families that controlled industry.
By the end of the 1800s, Japan was industrialized.

Japan's Problems
Japan needed raw materials and markets.
Japan's population was also growing.
Japan did not have enough land to grow food to feed its people.

Japanese Imperialism
To solve their problems Japan began a program of imperialism.
Japan gained control of the island of Formosa (Taiwan).
Japan gained part of Manchuria after a war with China.
Japan went to war with Russia.
Japan got control of the southern half of the island Sakhalm.
Japan won a sphere of influence in Korea.
Five years later, Japan annexed Korea.

Southeast Asia and the Pacific
European countries began to look at the mainland of southeast asian countries.
Great Britain controlled Burma, Ceylon, the Malay States, and Singapore.
France set up ptotectorates in Cochin-China, Kampuchea, and Annam.
Later France took over Laos.
Only Siam (Thailand) remained independent.

Pacific Islands
Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States were trying to win control of islands in the Pacific.
Some islands had fertile soil.
They could be used for sugar and pineapple plantations.
Some islands had minerals.
Some islands could be used as bases fo refueling and repairing ships.
Great Britain held Austarlia and New Zeland.
It also took Fiji, Solomon Islands, Gilbert Islands.
Great Britain also held parts of New Guinea and Borneo.
Germany to part of New Guinea and the Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands.
Germany later divided Samoan Islands with the United States.
The United States controlled the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands and Guam.

Hawaii

History
300-1000 AD, anthropologists believe that Polynesians from first populated the Hawaiian Islands.
1300, later wave of immigrants from Tahiti.
They introduced a new line of high chiefs and the introduction of the Kapu system, and the practice of human sacrifice.
They came from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands.


James Cook
1778, James Cook is the first Englishman to land at Hawaii.
1779, Cook makes second trip to Hawaii.
Cook killed tring to kidnap a native.

The Monarchy


King Kamehameha 1790-1819
During the 1780s and 1790s the chiefs were constantly fighting for power.
It was like feudal Europe.
He first consolidated power om the Island of Hawaii.
There were bloody battles, particularly on Oahu.
Kamehameha was vigorously opposed by the rulers of the other islands and their warriors.
He then conquered Maui and Oahu.
Kamehameha then attempted to invade Kauai.
The fleet was turned back by a storm.
For several years, the ruler of Kauai pledgeg his allegiance to Kamehameha
1810, all the Hawaiian Islands were united under one ruler, Kamehameha.
He used western weapons to gain power.
He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872.
1819, Kamehameha died.

Kamehameha II 1820-1824
1819, Kamehameha II destroys traditional Hawaiian religion.
Destroys heiaus (temples) and ends kabu (taboo system.)
In 1820, missionaries settled in Hawaii.
Other Americans followed to become sugar planters and to establish profitable businesses.
The Kanaka (Hawaiians) were content to live in their traditional, idyllic ways.
Sailed to England and died of measels July 14, 1824.

Kamehameha III 1813-1854
Kamehameha III proclaims the First Constitution which includes freedom of worship.
The 1840 Constitution established a House of Nobles and an elected House of Representatives.
Foreign labor was allowed into Hawaii to work in pineapple and sugar fields.
By 1840 the forests of Hawaii, Oahu, Molokai and Kauai were stripped of mountain sandalwood trees.
1850, because of diseases, native Hawaiian population was only 10% of its original size.
Americans were busy building huge plantations, warehouses, railroads, drydocks, banks, hotels, and stores.
They soon dominated the island's economy, and they were able to influence its government as well.
Americans created and controlled Hawaii's legislature and cabinet, and they limited the power of the native king.

Kamehameha IV 1854-1864
Kamehameha IV ascended to the throne after the death of his uncle.
He and his wife were responsible for establishing Queens Hospital for sick and destitute Hawaiians.
He translated the English Book of Common Prayer to his native language.
He only reigned nine years and died of asthma.

David Kalakaua 1865-1891
David Kalakaua "The Merry Monarch" was the first king in history to visit the United States.
He attempted to restore Hawaiian traditions. 
Kalakaua died on a trip to San Francisco in 1891.

Queen Liliuokalani


1891, Queen Liliuokalani assumed the throne upon the death of her brother, King Kalakaua.
Liliuokalani was determined to eliminate American influence in the government.
She tried to create a new constitution that would strengthen the traditional monarchy.
Her cabinet refused to cooperate.

American Revolution
By 1893, foreigners controlled 90% of the lands of Hawaii. 
Americans organized the Committee of Safety and appointed members of the Annexation Club as its leaders.
17 January 1893, armed members of the committee attacked.
They took over the government office building.
They read a proclamation abolishing the monarchy and establishing a provisional government.



Sanford B. Dole, an elderly judge with a flowing, white beard, became its president.
Hawaiians who were loyal to their queen tried to come to her defense and stop the revolution.
When they arrived in Honolulu, however, American troops confronted them.
Queen Liliuokalani sadly surrendered her throne.

The Provesional Government
President Harrison
The Provisional Government sent five representatives to Washington to apply for annexation.
They quickly drew up a treaty, and President Harrison signed it and submitted it to Congress.
Before the Senate could approve the treaty, however, a new president took office. 

President Cleveland
Grover Cleveland withdrew the treaty.
He sent a special commissioner to Hawaii to investigate the revolution.
The commissioner reported that Minister Stevens had conspired to overthrow the government.
Cleveland replaced Stevens with a new minister.
Cleveland tried to restore Liliuokalani to the throne.

Hawaiian Republic
President Dole flatly refused to give the government back to the Hawaiians.
Congress agreed, and it adopted a "hands off" policy toward the island.
On July 4th, 1894, the government unveiled the completed constitution.
They declared an independent Republic of Hawaii.

Hawaiian Revolution
Liliuokalani made secret plans to overthrow the republic and restore the monarchy.
They planned to strike on the morning of January 7, 1895.
Informers told the government about their plot.
The government declared martial law.
During the next few days, government troops defeated the disorganized rebels in a series of brief but deadly skirmishes.

Annexation
Liliuokalani was forced to sign a document in which she finally renounced all claims to the throne.
A joint resolution of Congress annexing Hawaii passed both houses, and the islands became American possessions.
She was confined to her palace.

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