Growth of Nationalism
Last Updated     1/19/2008     1/13/2008

After the revolutions of 1848 failed, the Congress System was stronger.
Nationalism would destroy the balance of power.
Italy, Germany, and Austria were affected by nationalism.

Italy
1848, eight of nine German states were controlled by Austria.
Sardinia was independent.
Italy wanted to be a united nation.

Sardinia
People looked at Sardinia to lead the way to independence.


Count Cavour, the prime minister, favored industrialization.
He also favored a constitutional monarchy.
He made an agreement with France.
If Austria attacked Sardinia, the French would help.
1859, Austria declared war on Sardinina.
Napoleon III then helped to defeat Austria.
Lombardy was united with Sardinina.
1860, the other Italian states revolted.
They united with Sardinia and revolted against Austria.



Garibaldi
Called the "Father of Modern Italy."
1860, Garibaldi led a revolution in southern Italy.
Garibaldi taught guerilla warfare to his followers.
They were called the "Red Shirts."
They wore red shirsts, loose gray pants, silk handkerchiefs, gray cloaks, and black felt hats.



1860, Garibaldi's Red Shirts conquered Sicily.


Then they conquered the state of Naples.
1861 March, northern and southern nationalist groups combined.
The Kingdom of Italy was formed.



Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy was formed as a constitutional monarchy.
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia became king.
The Pope fought against this and lost.
1870, the Papal States became part of Italy.
Italian unification was complete.
The balance of power in Europe was weakened.

Germany
The 39 German states also had feelings of nationalism.
Goethe and Schiller wrote about it.
Wagner wrote operas based on German folk tales.
1834, many German states signed a trade agreement.
They would not tax goods coming from German states.
Their economy improved.
Many rulers of smaller states were not going to give up their power.
Austria was against any attempt to unite Germany.

Prussia


Otto von Bismarck
1862, King William I named Bismarck as as prime minister.
Bismarck believed in divine right monarchy.
He said he would unite Germany by blood and iron.
He felt war against a common enemy would bring Germany together.

War With Denamrk
1864, Bismarck joined with Austria to defeat Denmark.

War With Austria
1866, Prussia goes to war against Austria.
Prussia won in seven weeks.
They had better weapons and railroad transportation.
The peace treaty developed into a German Confederation.

War With France
1870, Bismarck went to war against France.
The southern German states joined the northern German states.
The German army defeated the French.

Siege of Paris
Bismarck lay siege to Paris.
Paris held out for 4 months.
People in Paris had no food.
They ate the animals in the zoo.
Trees were cut down for fuel.
1871 January 28, Paris surrendered.



German Empire
William I of Prussia was named kaiser of the new German Empire.
The empire was northern and southern German states.
And the new French lands of Alsace and Lorraine.
These were manufacturing and mining areas.
This further weakened the balance of power.

Austria
Nationalists in Italy and Germany wanted to unify their nations.
Nationalists in Austria threatened the unity of the Austrian Empire.


    
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire was made of many nationalities.
Emperor Franz Joseph was German.
4 of 5 Austrians were not.
There were Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Croats, Slovens, and Magyars.
Each had its own language and history.
Each wanted to rule itself.

Austria-Hungary
1866, Austria was defeated by Sardinia and Prussia.
1867, Magyar of Hungary revolted.
1867, Austria agreed to create a dual monarchy.
The emperor ruled over two separate kingdoms, Austria and Hungary.
Each had its own language, parliament, and laws.
They did need each other economically.
Austria supplied finished goods to Hungary.
Hungary supplied Austria with food products.
The Magyars were satisfied.
Other nationalities in Austria-Hungary were not.
This unhappiness threatened the dual monarchy and peace in Europe.

Bibliography
"Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_conte_di_Cavour.

"Franz Joseph I of Austria." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.

"Giuseppe Garibaldi." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi.

Greenblatt, Miriam, and Lemmo, Peter. Human Heritage A World History. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

"Otto von Bismarck." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck.

"Victor Emmanual II of Italy." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy.