Revolution and Reform
Last Updated     1/19/2008     1/18/2008      1/17/2008     1/16/2008      1/13/2008

The Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon's defeat, representatives from Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain met.
They met from 1814 November 1 to 1815 June 1815.
They met in Vienna to decide how to divide Europe up.
It was called the "Waltzing Congress."
Representatives spent alot of time dining, dancing, and fox hunting.
Decisions were made by a few of the leaders.

Leaders of the Congress of Vienna

Prince Metternich from the Austrian foreign minister.


Czar Alexander I of Russia.
King Frederick William III of Prussia.


The main delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von Hardenberg.


Viscount Castlereagh the British foreign secretary.


Talleyrand made decisions for France.
Talleyrand, was successful in allowing France to have an equal voice in the negotiations.

Results
The leaders did not want to punish France too harshly.
They wanted Europe to be peaceful.
France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon.
The leaders divided up Napoleon's empire.
Russia got Finland and most of Poland.
Sweden got Norway.
Austria got part of northern Italy.
Great Britain got the isalnds of Malta and Ceylon.
They also received the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa.
Switzerland was declared neutral.
Belgium and Holland were made into single nations.
The 39 German states became a federation headed by Austria.

Monarchies
Leaders of the Congress of Vienna were against democracy.
They brought back divine-right monarchy.
They put Louis XVIII on the French throne.
Ferdinand VII was put on the throne in Spain.
They brought the monarchy back to Portugal.
The Pope was the ruler again of the Papal States.

Political Movements
There was peace in Europe for 44 years.
The revolutionay ideas did not die.
Several groups were against the political plan that divided Europe.
The liberals, the nationalists, and the socialists.

Liberals
They wanted political reform based on the ideals of the French Revolution.
They wanted individual freedom, equal rights under the law, and freedom of thought and religion.
Most liberals were members of the middle class.
They wanted to improve their lives.
They wanted voting rights for landowners.
They wanted protection of private property.
Some wanted a constitutional monarchy.
Some wanted a republic.
Liberals were strongest in Great Britain and France.

Nationalists
They wanted political independence where people shared the same language, customs, and history.
The Congrss of Vienna paid no attention to nationalissts when they divided Napoleon's empire.
Belgians did not want to be part of Holland.
Northern Italians did not want to be ruled by Austria.

Utopian Socialists
They wanted to end private ownership of land and factories.
They believed the state should own all means of production.
They wanted everyone treated fairly.
Some utopian socialists tried to set up ideal communities.
These communities were based on economic cooperation.



Karl Marx
Other socialists felt revolution was the way to reform.
Karl Marx believed the working class would rise and take power.
He was the author of The Communist Manifesto.
He thought the worker's revolution would be led by his new Communist party.
1867, Marx expanded his views in Das Kapital.
Called the "Father of Communism."

An Era of Revolution
In the 1820's liberals, nationalists, and socialists led revolutions against the Congress System.
Revolutions took place in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Russia.
They all failed.
1821, the Greek nationalists rebeled against the Ottoman Empire.
1839, Greeks gained independence.



French Revolution 1830
1830, there was another revolution in France.
Louis XVIII died.
His brother, Charles took the throne.



Charles X
Charles X tried to bring back the old regime.
He did away with the National Assembly.
He took the right to vote from the middle class.
he tightened censorship of the newspapers.
The Roman Catholic Church took control of the schools.
Middle class liberals, students, and unemployed workers overthrew the government.

Three Glorious Days
Monday, 26 July 1830


Auguste Marmont was ordered to put down with a strong hand any opposition to the ordinances.
Business men learned they were now no longer permitted to run as candidates for the House of Deputies.
In protest, members of the Bourse refused to lend money.
Business owners shuttered their factories.
Workers had nothing to do but protest.
Newspapers were seized.

Tuesday, 27 July 1830 Day One
Illegal newspapers were all over the city.
By noon, shopkeepers in the center of the city had closed their stores and bolted the shutters.
Milling crowds gathered quietly throughout the city.
At 4:30, French troops were ordered to concentrate their guns on areas the people gathered.
Military patrols were patroled the city.
7:00 PM, fighting began as people began throwing things at the patrols.
The patrols first fired warning shots.
By the end of the evening, 21 people were killed.
2000 street lamps were destroyed.
The city was in darkness.
Marmont sent a report to the king that all was under control.

Wednesday, 28 July 1830 Day Two
There was not enough sipplies for the troops in the city.
Soldiers began deserting.
Charles X was told it would all be over when the people ran out of bullets.
A committee drew up a petition asking that the odinances be repealed.
They took the petition to Marmont.
Marmont told them to lay down their arms and return to their homes.
Then they would dicuss the petition.
They then went to see the king's advisor, Polignac.
He refused to see them.
4:00 PM, the king receives a note from Marmont.
He told the king that the riot has become a revolution.
The king was advised to resist.

Thursday 29 July 1830 Day Three
The king, his ministers, or Royalists were not in the city.
All trees had been cut down to make barricades.
The Red Flag, the "Peoples' Flag, flew all over the city.
Marmont did nothing.
He waited for orders from the king.
The Palace fell, and people looted it.
The Swiss guards who were guarding the Lourve (a palace, not a museum) ran away.
A provisional government was planned in the Hotel de Ville.
The Revolution was over.

Results
After three days, Charles X abdicated and fled to Great Britain.
The throne was given to Charles X's cousin, Louis Phillipe.
He agreed to rule as a constitutioal monarchy.



Louie Phillipe
The number of voters increased.
Only the richest of the middle class could vote.
Other middle class members were angry.
Working-class people were angry.
The working class all adult males to vote.
1835, he survived an assasination attempt.

Other Revolutions
1831, begian nationalist won independence from Holland.
The Poles fought against Russia, but they were defeated.
Uprisings in German and Italian states were put down.

Liberal Reform In Great Britain
Great Britain gradually changed.
1832, the amount of land a person needed to vote was lowered.
The numer of voters increased by 50%.
New industrial towns had more representation in Parliament.
The middle class had more say.
Reforms also helped the working-class.
Labor unions gained the right to strike.
The could strike for shorter working hours.
They could strike for higher wages.
They could strike for better working conditions.

The Revolution of 1848
1848, governments all over Europe were overthrown.
The rebellions started again in France.
Louis-Phillipe had been called the "Citizen King."
He walked the streets.
He wore middle-class clothes.
His government only served the rich.
Industrial workers and midle-class liberals were unhappy.
The economy was also bad.
Many people were out of work.
In 1845 and 1846, the wheat and potato harvst failed.
There was not enough food to feed the people.
1848 February, riots broke out in Paris.
Louis-Phillipe fled.

Second French Republic
The Second French Republic was declared.
A temporary government was set up.
Luis Blanc set up national workshops.
These were factories ran by the workers, but paid for by the government.
The number of jobs increased, but the number of people out of work grew to 100,000.

National Assembly
1848 April, the National Assembly was elected.
It did away with the workshops.
The workers revolted.
There was violent fighting.
The army defeated the workers, killing 10,000 people.
The National Assembly drew up a Constitution.
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President.

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
1851, he did away with the National Assembly.
1852, Louis was elected Emperor Napoleon III.
The Second French Republic became the Second French Empire.
Louis stayed on the throne until 1870.
In 1870, he started the Franco-Prussian War.
The French forces were defeated.
He was captured by Otto von Bismarck.
He spent the last years of his like in exile in England.

Results
The Hungarians, the Germans, and the Italians all revolted and lodt.
These revolutions led to changes.
Universal male suffereage spread to most northern and western European countries.
Workers formed political parties.
There was a socialist party in almost every European country.

Bibliography
"Auguste Marmont." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Marmont.

Burchill, Shirley; Hughes, Nigel; Gale, Richard; Price, Peter; Woodall, Peter. "Revolutionary Europe 1820-1848." The Open Door Web Site. 2007. 19 Jan. 2008. http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0035.html.

"Charles X of France." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France.

"Congress of Vienna." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna.

Greenblatt, Miriam, and Lemmo, Peter. Human Heritage A World History. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

"July Revolution." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution.

"Karl Marx." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx.

"Louis-Phillipe of France." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France.

"Napoleon III of France." Wikipedia On Line Encyclopedia. 19 Jan. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France.