The First Revolt
French landownwers had 1/2 million African slaves to grow sugar cane, coffe, cotton, and indigo.
1743, Toussaint-L'Ouverture was born a slave.
1777, he was set free.
1791, inspired by news of the French Revolution Toussaint led a revolt of the slaves.
1794, the French government agreed to end slavery.
1801, Toussaint became governor-general of Saint Domingue.
1803, Toussaint issues a constitution.
The French then tried to regain control of Saint Domingue.
1804, Saint Domingue. become the first free country in Latin America.
Saint Domingue. is renamed Hati, "mountainous."
Revolution Spreads
The fight for independence in South America was led by the Creoles.
The Creoles resented the Peninsulares because they held most of the government jobs.
A Creole translated the Declaration of the Rights of Man into Spanish.
This spread the idea of revolution around.
Simon Bolivar
He was a Creole that led the fight for independence in New Granda (Columbia and Venezuela).
1805, Bolivar went to Europe and learned about the French Revolution.
1810, Bolivar and others formed a junta to take over the government.
Spanish officials crushed the rebellion.
1817, Bolivar successfully invaded Venezuela.
1819, he defeated the Spanish in Colombia.
Bolivar became the President of Gran Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.
1824, Bolivar frees Peru from Spanish rule.
1825, Bolivar frees a Spainsh colony called Upper Peru,
It is named Bolivia in honor of him.
1828 August 27, Bolivar makes himself dictator.
1828 September 25, an attempt is made to assisinate Bolivar.
1830 Simon Bolivar resigns.
1830 December 17, died of pneumonia while preparing to go into exile.
San Martin
San Martin was a Creole fighting in the south.
1808, San Martin was fighting in Europe against Napoleon.
1811, he resigns his commisson and sails to Buneos Aires.
1810, Creole leaders in La Plata take over the givernment.
1812, San Martin joined the fight.
He is chosen to organize the cavalry.
1814, San Martin takes control of the North army.
His wife persuaded the women to give up their jewels to buy supplies.
Father Beltran melted down church bells to make guns and bullets.
1816, part of La Plata called Argentina won their independencce.
1817, San Martin led an army across the Andes into Chile.
Many soldiers died from the cold and lack of oxygen.
He surprised the Spanish forces in Chile.
San Martin and O'Higgins defeated the Spanish.
1818 March 18, Spanish army defeats army led by O'Higgins.
1818 April 5, United Argentine-Chilean army defeat the Spanish at Battle of Maipu.
This battle ends Spain's efforts to dominate Chile.
Chile became independent a year later.
Mexico, Central America, and Brazil
Mexico
Father Hidalgo
Father Hidalgo fought for indepence in Mexico.
He did not like the way Native Americans were treated.
1810, led by Hidalgo the Native Americans revolted.
The Creoles were frightened by the Indians.
They joined with the Peninsulares to crush the revolt.
1811, Hidalgo was caught and put to death.
Father Jose Maria Morelos Pavon
1813, Father Pavon led a second revolt.
It was not successful.
1815, Father Pavon was put to death.
Revolt in Spain
1820, there was a revolt in Spain.
The rebels wanted an end to forced labor in Mexico.
They wanted the land divided up among the peasants.
The Creoles, church leaders, and army officers revolted against Spanish rule in Mexico.
Two years later, Mexico was decalred independent.
Iturbide served as emperor.
He refused to share power with the Mexican legislature.
1832, Iturbide was overthrown.
1824, a new constitution was written.
Mexico became a republic.
